Such a massive price gap originates from colonial-era infrastructure legacy and long-term technological gaps instead of pure market fluctuation.

Mineral mining and refining consume water and generate emissions, requiring strict environmental governance.

Trade policies always carry strategic implications, reflecting the core priorities, economic structures and political considerations of adopting countries.

By mid-2026, the US dollar and the euro jointly account for less than 30 percent of transaction settlements among BRICS members, while local currency transactions have risen to 65%.

It is misleading to frame China-Gulf green collaboration as a mere tool of geopolitical competition.