In May 2019, the Zimbabwean government signed a US$400 million joint venture farming concession agreement with Boustead Beef of the United Kingdom.

According to the World Bank, Zimbabwe’s economy grew by 5,8% to US$19,2 billion in 2021 after contracting by 6,1% in 2019 and 6,2% in 2020.

The huge import bill directly translates to high cost of production for local food manufacturers.

High interest rates can dent economic growth as it leads to increased borrowing costs which negatively impact consumer and business spending.

Bullish commodity (metals) prices on the global market have seen the birth of new mining projects and expansion of current mines.

The Zimbabwe government has implemented a policy to collect half of the mining royalties due to treasury in physical minerals

Zimbabwe’s de-dollarisation plan was doomed from the onset as the country did not meet these fundamentals for a stable mono-currency.

Out of the realised export value in 2021, mining exports generated over US$4,4 billion in earnings

The central bank and the government have performed dismally on managing inflation in 2022 (Perennial failure)

The astronomic growth in money supply has been the biggest contributor to artificial demand for foreign currency and price instability in Zimbabwe in the past five years.

Key risks for 2023 emanate from the uneven distribution of rainfall, power cutsand contingent liabilities from State Enterprises and Parastatals (SEPs).

Bond notes introduction in November 2015 confirmed investor fears and the rest is now history.

This means that about US$6 billion is pushed from the wholesale and retail sector with a significant portion of that amount coming from informal trade.