This unequal pact cemented Zanu PF’s one-party dominance, suffocating pluralism and reducing Zimbabwe to a political cage. 

Zimbabwe’s 2013 constitution is unambiguous: the presidency is capped at two five‑year terms, no more, no less.

Together, these cases expose the common denominators of Africa’s drug crisis: weak governance, porous borders, corruption, unemployment, and urban despair.  

The declaration is clear: informality is political capital, and literacy in its dynamics is the decisive frontier for Africa’s urban future. 

The tragedy is not a lack of resources but a lack of instruments to convert them into wealth.